The hook effect why too much analyte can fade the test line 1 Normal sample 2 Excess analyte 3 The curve Top view Sample padConjugate pad TC Wick Cross section Test line (T) Control line (C) flow Binding stack at the test line ✕ blocked Membrane Capture antibody Analyte Analyte Detection antibody Gold nanoparticle Analyte concentration → T line signal → Normal range Hook zone same faint line
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